Five years since the start of protests in damascus, people in the countries of the arab spring have told the bbc how the uprising has affected their lives. The reasons and economic and political consequences of arab spring 43 egypt, where arab spring lasted longer, is one of the largest countries in africa with its advantages such as its location, tourism revenues and logistics moaddel, 2012. The arab spring and the emergence of the syrian crisis springerlink. I conclude by discussing the broader implications of international pow ers responses to the syrian crisis. Syrian uprising, arab spring, neoliberalism, islamists, bathism. The arab spring arrived in syria, and protests began on january 26, 2011.
Syria hears the death rattle of the arab spring as assad. Instead, that spring has given way to a winter of economic stagnation and political violence that has plunged syria, libya and yemen into bloody civil war, has led to widespread unrest in egypt, iraq and bahrain, and threatens to destabilize arab governments from morocco to saudi arabia. The popular protests resulted in changes in office in egypt, tunisia and libya whereas in syria the regime remained in power despite strong popular uprising and ongoing civil war. This part of the research focuses on the root causes and consequences of the arab spring that affected tunisia, egypt, libya and syria. Pdf arab spring as a background of civil war in syria. For detailed coverage of the arab spring in individual countries, see jasmine revolution tunisia, egypt uprising of 2011, yemen uprising of 201112, libya revolt of 2011, and syria. The arab spring was a series of prodemocracy uprisings that enveloped several largely muslim countries, including tunisia, morocco, syria, libya, egypt and. The russian government, like its counterparts in the west, the middle east, and elsewhere, was caught off guard by the outburst of arab uprisings beginning in january 2011 that swept away longruling authoritarian regimes in tunisia, egypt, libya, and it appears yemen, and have threatened to topple those in bahrain and syria. The integration of syria s conflict with the arab uprisings, 201120 article pdf available in research and politics october 2014 with 1,2 reads. Part three discusses the role of western and regional powers and their intentions to shape the outcome of the uprising. Although the arab spring in syria followed the same pattern as it had in tunisia, egypt. The economic crisis led the population of several countries to defy their authoritarian governments.
The present descriptive study examines the islamic states is use of social media to launch its message and expand its propaganda to the world. From revolution to civil war, which discusses various forms of advanced communication and the crossnational interconnectedness they promote. Such state of affairs requires careful reading and reaction from the international community, especially in a period of economic crisis and widespread differentlymotivated social disturbances. Libya, and syria, have been termed the arab spring. The arab winter is a term for the resurgence of authoritarianism, absolute monarchies and islamic extremism evolving in the aftermath of the arab spring protests in arab countries. The arab spring and the emergence of the syrian crisis. In addition, the article discusses how this issue affects relations among the aforementioned. Pdf how did syrias conflict interact with the broader wave of regional protest known as the arab spring.
Are you asking whether the us government may have intentionally instigated unrest in a covert manner. As syrias conflict evolved towards a mixture of protest and civil war, while uprisings in arab spring leaders such as. Thi s researc h articl e attempts to scrutinize the nature and cause s of the ara b uprising s which too k people by surpris e globall y throughou t 2011 and int o 2012. Is there solid evidence of us involvement in the arab spring. The arab spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations, protests, and wars occurring in the arab world that began on 18 december 2010 and have continued since. The demands of the people were the same as elsewhere. The wave of arab uprisings that began with the tunisian revolution of january. The arab spring soon swept the streets of syrian cities with people amassing in numbers by march 2011. When the revolution broke out in march 2011, i was an english. Small peaceful protests started on 26 january 2011 in syria and escalated to an ongoing internal conflict. Sectarianism and power maintenance in the arab spring. The akps victory in 2007 heralded a shift in turkish foreign policy toward stronger regional ties and greater independence from turkeys traditional alignments with nato, the united states, and israel. The term arab winter refers to the events across arab league countries in the mideast and north africa, including the syrian civil war, the iraqi insurgency and the following civil war, the egyptian crisis, the.
The gaddafi archives libya before the arab spring view gallery an exhibition of photographs, documents and artefacts from the human rights watch archive paints a portrait of libya in the four decades prior to the arab spring. This article addresses the approaches of turkey, iran, syria, and iraq in dealing with the kurdish issue, with a special focus on historical background. Ascendancy frustrated gulf research center regional politics is now more complicated, with crosscutting alliances and linkages and multiple issues, sectarian, territorial, and political. In december 2010, protests began against the autocratic government in the northern african country of tunisia. From revolution to civil war 78 zones and does not tightly define civil war versus other intrastate conflict. In the arab world in late 2010, starting in tunisia and flowering in egypt, a movement of people depressed by their governments, corrupt leaders and a lack of jobs that at once felt safe to take to the streets. The syrian uprisings transformation to civil war is a result of the assads. The demands of the syrian people were political reforms, a reinstatement of civil rights and an end to the state of emergency, which had been in place since 1963. Since then, the middle east has seen a transformation, but while some leaders were deposed, others remain in. This paper argues that we ought to understand the arab spring as transformative revolutionary movement, but one that will be faced with numerous bumps in the road ahead. From arab spring to economic winter journal of international studies. Regional engagement, the arab spring, and the syrian civil war. Marxist circles and parties set up in the arab world with moscows help had little influence, and local liberation movements did not depend on the bolsheviks. Arab spring arab spring the term arab spring as used to denote these events may have started with an article by marc lynch published in the political journal foreign policy.
Is focus on the syrian arab spring revolution that started on march 15, 2011, as a foundation of tacit and explicit. The reasons and economic and political consequences of. Turkeys role in the arab spring and the syrian conflict tpq. Analysis of the arab spring 3 blunders in state response, in particular using a heavyhanded approach and trying to crush opposition, had the reverse effect of galvanising more people to join the protests icg, 2011b and 2011d. Arab spring has been regarded as an arab phenomenon from the outset. Development of conflict in arab spring libya and syria.
The arab spring is the revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests occurring in the middle east and in north africa since 2010. The situation began to change after world war ii, when, flush with vic. The arab spring and its unintended effects in syria. The us found itself a bystander in the region during the arab spring, failing to. Turkish involvement in the arab spring and the syrian civil war began at a time when turkeys impressive record of democratic progress and economic growth in the 2000s fueled remarkable optimism domestically and internationally about the countrys potentially democratizing influence in the greater middle east, often discussed as the turkish model. How did syria s conflict interact with the broader wave of regional protest known as the arab spring. Irans growing relationship with iraq in the postsaddam era, syria, lebanese hezbollah etc. Hundreds of thousands of tunisians took to the streets calling for an end to authoritarian rule. This article uses a unique, complete twitter dataset of tweets including the word syria in english or arabic to empirically test how syria s conflict was discussed online. Syria hears the death rattle of the arab spring as assad and putin forces advance last gasp turkey, the last lingering patron of the syrian opposition, has proven unable to intervene effectively. They also wanted more democracy, and end to corruption, and economic opportunity. The masses of protestors against bashar alassads regime started to make their voices heard in the syrian capital of damascus and other major cities. Syrian activist ahed zarzour reflects on five years of civil war and revolution.
The arab spring uprisings of 2011 triggered a wide set of social movements and regime change across the middle east and north. Pdf in the paper the reasons of outbreak of conflict in syria at the background of social and political situation of the arab world at the. I conclude by discussing the broader implications of international powers responses to the syrian crisis. Shifting a peaceful arab spring into terrorism, by major hasan harkous, 7 pages. Part of the arab spring, the arab winter, and the spillover of the iraqi conflict. To politically analyze the neverending arab spring, is a difficult task today as the arab spring continues to. The revolutions of the arab spring toppled the regimes of tunisia, egypt and libya, while many other countries have undergone severe turmoil yemen, bahrain or even civil war as in the case of syria. Arab spring research guide and notes sheet introduction. Five years after the start of the arab uprisings, mainstream islamist groups find themselves between what has been termed the twin shocks of the arab spring. The armed forces played a decisive role in many of the arab. Six years later, little remains of the hopes that the west saw in the arab spring. The wuir editorial board entitled, development of conflict in arab spring libya and syria. Demonstrators expressing political and economic grievances faced violent crackdowns by their countries security forces. The roots and causes of the 2011 arab uprisings kamal eldin osman salih abstract.
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